|
|today = }} "Duchy of Croatia" ((クロアチア語:Kneževina Hrvatska); also "Duchy of the Croats", ''Kneževina Hrvata''; "Dalmatian Croatia", ''Dalmatinska Hrvatska''; "Littoral Croatia", ''Primorska Hrvatska''; Greek: Χρωβατία, ''Chrovatía''), was a medieval Croatian duchy that was established in the former Roman province of Dalmatia. Throughout its time it had several seats, namely Klis, Solin, Knin, Biaći and Nin, comprised the ''littoral'', or coastal part of today's Croatia and included a big part of the mountainous hinterland. The Duchy was in the center of competition between the Carolingian Empire and the Byzantine Empire for rule over the area. Rivalry with Venice emerged in the first decades of the 9th century and was to continue for the following centuries. Croatia also waged battles with the Bulgarian Empire, with whom the relations improved greatly afterwards, and the Arabs and sought to extend its control over important coastal cities under the rule of Byzantium. Croatia saw periods of vassalage of the Franks or Byzantines and de facto independence until 879 when Croatian Duke Branimir received recognition from Pope John VIII as an independent realm. The ruling dynasty of Croatia was the House of Trpimirović, with interruptions by the House of Domagojević (864–878 and 879–c. 892). The Duchy existed until around 925 when, during the rule of Duke Tomislav, Croatia became a kingdom. ==Nomenclature== "Dalmatian Croatia" and "Littoral Croatia" are modern appellations amongst historians for the territory of the Duchy. The state is sometimes called a principality, i.e. the "Principality of Croatia". The first recorded name for the Duchy was "Land of the Croats" ((ラテン語:regnum Croatorum)).〔Ferdo Šišić: (Povijest Hrvata u vrijeme narodnih vladara ), p. 651〕 Croatia was not yet a kingdom at the time and the term ''regnum'' is used in terms of a country in general.〔Ivo Goldstein: (Hrvatski rani srednji vijek ), Zagreb, 1995, p. 198〕 In Byzantine sources the entity was usually called just "Croatia" ().〔Ferdo Šišić: Pregled povijesti hrvatskoga naroda 600. - 1526. - prvi dio, p. 156〕 The first known duke, Borna, was named "Duke of Dalmatia" ((ラテン語:Dux Dalmatiae))〔''Annales regni Francorum'' DCCCXVIIII (year 819)〕 and later "Duke of Dalmatia and Liburnia" ((ラテン語:Dux Dalmatiae atque Liburniae))〔''Annales regni Francorum'' DCCCXXI (year 821)〕 in the Annales regni Francorum. The Croatian name is recorded in contemporary charters of Croatian dukes from the second half of the 9th century. Trpimir I was named "Duke of the Croats" ((ラテン語:Dux Chroatorum)) in a Latin charter issued in 852,〔Codex Diplomaticus Regni Croatiæ, Dalamatiæ et Slavoniæ, Vol I, p. 4-8〕 while Branimir was defined as "Duke of the Croats" ((ラテン語:Dux Cruatorvm)) on a preserved inscription from Šopot near Benkovac.〔(Florin Curta: Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500-1250, p. 139-140 )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Duchy of Croatia」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|